Capture and Trial
Despite her successes, Joan’s fortunes changed dramatically in 1430. While attempting to defend the city of Compiègne from Burgundian forces, she was captured and sold to the English. The English viewed Joan not only as a military threat but also as a heretic and witch, dangerous because of her claims of divine guidance.
Joan was put on trial in Rouen under the authority of the pro-English Bishop Pierre Cauchon. The trial was politically motivated and conducted with little regard for fairness. Joan was charged with a range of offenses including heresy, witchcraft, cross-dressing (she wore male military clothing), and insubordination.
Throughout the trial, Joan demonstrated remarkable intelligence, courage, and devotion. She defended her visions and her mission, stating that she acted under God’s command. However, she was subjected to intense interrogation and threats. One of the most contentious issues was her wearing of male attire, which she insisted was necessary for her protection and practicality.
In May 1431, Joan was declared guilty and sentenced to death by burning at the stake. On May 30, 1431, at about 19 years old, she was executed in the marketplace of Rouen. Her death galvanized French resistance and made her a martyr and symbol of French nationalism.
Joan’s story did not end with her execution. In 1456, a posthumous retrial ordered by Pope Callixtus III reviewed the original trial and declared Joan innocent, recognizing the injustices she had suffered. This rehabilitation helped restore her reputation and honor.
Centuries later, Joan of Arc was canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church in 1920. She is now one of the patron saints of France and a symbol of faith, courage, and national identity. shutdown123